نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه اقتصاد دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم سیاسی ،دانشگاه شهید بهشتی،تهران ،ایران

2 دکتری اقتصاد،دانشگده اقتصاد و امور اداری ،دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد ، ایران

3 دکتری اقتصاد،دانشکده اقتصاد و امور اداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی،تهران ،ایران

چکیده

در ادبیات اقتصاد توسعه، مشخص نمودن اینکه چه کشوری توسعه یافته­تر است و یا چه سیاست­های تجارت خارجی بایستی دنبال شود و چگونه می­توان در سطح جهانی شرایطی برای رشد صادرات فراهم نمود، و به‌طورکلی چگونه می‌توان در رقابت کسب و کار در عرصه بین المللی درخشید، با شاخص­های مختلفی اندازه­گیری می­شود. یکی از شاخص­های مهم و اثربخش در این ارتباط شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی است. پیچیدگی اقتصادی یک پارادایم بالقوه قدرتمند برای درک مسائل و چالش‌های کلیدی اقتصادی-مدیریتی و اجتماعی قرن 21 امی و چگونگی برون رفت از آنها ارائه می‌دهد. در عین حال می‌توان یک بعد کلیدی پیچیدگی اقتصادی را یک نماد دانش بنیانی صادرات دانست. در این مقاله به ارزیابی شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی ایران در مقایسه با کشورهای منتخب نفتی و تأثیر مؤلفه­های نوآوری، آزادی اقتصادی و متغیرهای اقتصاد کلان بر شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی می­ پردازد. نتایج مقاله نشان داد که: نخست در طول سال‌های 2022-1995 میزان شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی ایران هیچ گاه عدد مثبتی نبوده است. این در حالی است که در دوره مورد مطالعه در بین کشورهای مورد بررسی، کشورهای مکزیک و عربستان سعودی و دیگر رقبای نفتی ایران با افزایش میزان شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی روبرو شده‌اند. دوم-بیشترین میزان صادرات ایران، محصولات با پیچیدگی متوسط و کم بوده و مواد شیمیایی و معدنی را شامل می‌شود. سوم- اثر شاخص­های محیط تجاری، هزینه­های تحقیق و توسعه، بلوغ تجاری، تولید دانش و تکنولوژی و واردات با تکنولوژی بالا (از زیرشاخص­ها یا مؤلفه­ های تشکیل ­دهنده نوآوری) بر شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی ایران، مثبت بوده است. چهارم- آزادی اقتصادی و آزادی کسب و کار اثر مثبتی بر شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی ایران داشته است. سرانجام اثر متغیرهای نرخ تورم و نرخ ارز برشاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی منفی بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating Iran's Economic Complexity Index and Factors Affecting It: Basic Knowledge in Export

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yadala dadgar 1
  • ruh alih nazari 2
  • Fatimah Fahimi Far 3

1 Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD in Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 Doctorate of Economics, Danishdeh Economics and Administrative Affairs, Danishgah Allama Tabatabai, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract
In the literature of development economics, determining which country is more developed or what foreign trade policies should be followed and how to provide conditions for export growth at the global level, and in general how to compete in business Derakhshid shines in the international arena, it is measured by different indicators. One of the most important and effective indicators in this connection is the economic complexity index. Economic complexity offers a potentially powerful paradigm for understanding the key economic-managerial and social issues and challenges of the 21st century and how to overcome them. At the same time, a key dimension of economic complexity can be considered as a symbol of basic knowledge of export. In this article, it evaluates Iran's economic complexity index compared to selected oil countries and the effect of innovation components, economic freedom and macroeconomic variables on the economic complexity index. The results of the article showed that: First, during the years 1995-2022, the amount of Iran's economic complexity index has never been a positive number. This is despite the fact that in the studied period among the countries under review, the countries of Mexico and Saudi Arabia and other oil competitors of Iran have faced an increase in the economic complexity index. Second, most of Iran's exports are products with medium and low complexity and include chemical and mineral materials. Third- The effect of indicators of the business environment, research and development costs, commercial maturity, production of knowledge and technology, and high-tech imports (from the sub-indices or components of innovation) on Iran's economic complexity index was positive. Is. Fourth- Economic freedom and business freedom have had a positive effect on Iran's economic complexity index. Finally, the effect of the variables of inflation rate and exchange rate on economic complexity index has been negative.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Economical vegetables
  • nafti selection
  • nawwari
  • azadi economical
  • turmeric narch
  • rice narch
الوانی، سیدمهدی، (1381)، تئوری نظم در بی نظمی و مدیریت، انتشارات صفار.
دیوکتی، محمدمهدی، آقاجانی، حسن­علی، شیرخدایی، میثم، طهران­چیان، امیرمنصور، (1397)، مقایسه تطبیقی پیچیدگی اقتصادی کشورهای منتخب در بستر نظام ملی نوآوری، فصلنامه پژوهشهای اقتصاد و توسعه منطقه­ای، شماره 16، 122-87.
مرکز پژوهش­های مجلس، (1393)، درباره سیاست­های کلی اقتصاد مقاومتی: مقدمه­ای بر نظریه پیچیدگی و استفاده از آن در اقتصاد، مرکز پژوهش­های مجلس، مرداد.
 
AlKatout, F., & Bakir, A. (2019). The Impact of Economic Freedom on Economic Growth, International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 8(6): 469-477.
Auty, R. (1993). Determinants of state mining enterprise resilience in Latin America. Nat. Resour. Forum 17 (1): 3–14.
Badeeb, R.A., Lean, H.H., Clark, J. (2017). The evolution of the natural resource curse thesis: a critical literature survey. Resources Policy, 51 (1): 123–134.
Bhattacharyya, S., Hodler, R. (2010). Natural resources, democracy and corruption. European Economic Review. 54 (4), 608–621.
Brückner, M., 2010. Population size and civil conflict risk: is there a causal link? The Economic Journal, 120 (544): 535–550.
Brunnschweiler, C.N., Bulte, E.H. (2008). The resource curse revisited and revised: a tale of paradoxes and red herrings, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(3): 248-264.
Cavalcanti, T.V.d.V., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M. (2011). Growth, development and natural resources: new evidence using a heterogeneous panel analysis, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 51(4): 305-318.
Du, K., O’Connor, A., 2021. Examining economic complexity as a holistic innovation system effect. Small Bus. Econ. 56 (1), 237–257.
Eregha, P.B., & Mesagan, E.P. (2020). Oil resources, deficit financing and per capita GDP growth in selected oil-rich African nations: a dynamic heterogeneous panel approach. Resour. Pol. 66 (1).
Erkan, B., & Ceylan, F. (2021). Determinants of Economic Complexity in Transitional Economies. Journal Transition Studies Review, 28(2): 57-80.
Gylfason, T., & Zoega, G. (2006). Natural resources and economic growth: the role of investment, The World Economy. 29 (8) (World Economy).
Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Nayyar, G. (2018). Rethinking Africa’s Structural Transformation: The Rise of New Industries. Brookings Institute. Https://Www.Brookings.Edu/Research/Rethinking-Africas-Structural-Transformation/.
Hartmann, M., et al. (2017). Asymptotic Floquet states of open quantum systems: the role of interaction. New Journal of Physics, 19: DOI 10.1088/1367-2630/aa7ceb
Haseeb, M., kot, S., Hussain, H.I., Kamarudin, F. (2021). The natural resources curse economic growth hypotheses: quantile–on–Quantile evidence from top Asian economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279 (January).
Hausmann, R., & Hidalgo, C. (2013). The Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity. Harvard: MIT.
Hausmann, R., & Klinger, B. (2006). Structural Transformation and Patterns of Comparative Advantages. CID Working Paper No. 128, Harvard Center for International Development.
Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C.A., Bustos, S., Coscia. M., Chung. S., Jimenez. J., Simoes. A., & Yildirim. M. (2014). The Atlas of Economic Complexity. Puritan Press: Cambridge. MA
Hidalgo, C., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity, Proceedings of the national academy of sciences 10570-10575..
Lapatinas, A. (2019). The effect of the Internet on economic sophistication: An empirical analysis. Economics Letters, 174, 35–38.
Mangal, T. K., & Liu, D.Y. (2020). The impact of economic freedom on foreign portfolio investments: The case of the Caricom single market and economy, International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 9(2): 213–2.
Mealy, P., Farmer, J. D., & Teytelboym, A. (2018). A New Interpretation of the Economic Complexity Index, February 4. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3075591.
Mesagan, P.E., Yusuf, A.I., Ogbuji, A.I., (2019). Natural resource endowment and output growth: how crucial is deficit financing in managing resource-rich African economies? J. Soc. Econ. Dev. 21 (2): 353–369.
Molele, S.B. (2022). An Analysis of Economic Complexity and Selected Macroeconomic Indicators in Selected SSA and BRICS Countries: Panel Data, University of Limpopo, Thesis in Doctor of Commerce in Economics.
Murshed, S.M., Serino, L.A. (2011). The pattern of specialization and economic growth: the resource curse hypothesis revisited. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 22 (2): 151–161.
Papyrakis, E., Gerlagh, R. (2007). Resource abundance and economic growth in the United States. European Economic Review, 51 (4): 1011–1039.
Pugliese, E., & Tacchella, A. (2021). Economic Complexity Analytics: Country factsheets, EUR 30711 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, ISBN 978-92-76-37869-3.
Robinson, J.A., Torvik, R., Verdier, T. (2006). Political foundations of the resource curse. Journal of Development Economics. 2, 447–468.
 Rostow, W.W., (1960). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-communist Manifesto. Cambridge university press
Sachs, J.D., Warner, A.M. (2001). The curse of natural resources. European Economic Review. 45 (4–6): 827–838.
Sakiru, Solarin Adebola & Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Gonzalez-Blanch, Maria Jesus. (2022). Persistence of economic complexity in OECD countries, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 603 (C issue).
Tacchella, Andrea, Matthieu Cristelli, Guido Caldarelli, Andrea Gabrielli, and Luciano Pietronero. (2012). A new metrics for countries’ fitness and products’ complexity. Scientific reports 723.
Tsui, K.K. (2011). More oil, less democracy: evidence from worldwide crude oil discoveries. The Economic Jpournal, 121 (551), 89–115.
Usman, M., et al., 2022. How do financial development, energy consumption, natural resources, and globalization affect Arctic countries’ economic growth and environmental quality? An advanced panel data simulation. Energy 241.
Xu, H., Jilenga, M.T., Deng, Y. (2019). Institutional quality, resource endowment, and economic growth: evidence from cross-country data. Emerging Market Finance and Trade, 55 (8): 1754–1775.
Zaccaria, A., Mishra, S., Cader, M., & Pietronero, L. (2018). Integrating Services in the Economic Fitness Approach. World Bank Group, International Finance Corpo-ration: Policy Research Working Paper, 8485.
Zhu, S., Li, R. (2016). Economic complexity, human capital and economic growth: empirical research based on cross-country panel data. Applied Economics, 49(38): 3815-3825.
Zhu, S., Li, R. (2019). Economic complexity, human capital and economic growth: empirical research based on cross-country panel data. Appl. Econ. 49 (38): 3815–382